A Review of Designing New Vaccines to Prevent Hospital-Acquired Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

Hospital-acquired infections are one of the main challenges and concerns of patients and medical staff in hospitals and healthcare centers. Meanwhile, Clostridium difficile infection is one of the most important bacterial hospital infections. Prevention is the best and most effective way to deal with these infections. Designing and using vaccines against these infectious microorganisms is the best way of prevention. In this review, we evaluated 80 research articles and guidelines in the field of designing and developing new vaccines against nosocomial infections. The articles were collected from Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, NCBI, CDC, and WHO databases. To date, considering the properties and virulence factors of each microorganism, some vaccines have been designed and made up from cellular complexes or recombinant proteins. The magnitude of vaccine effect varies by bacteria and strain type. Some vaccines have conferred high-levels of protection and immunity. However, there is still no vaccine against some bacteria, which has led to more in-depth research in this area. Although significant successful attempts have been made so far to design vaccines against the most important hospital-acquired infections, there is still a essential need to design and develop new vaccines against these infectious bacteria.